Episode 11
AIDS arrested. Ebola contained. Malaria deaths cut in half. That was not charity; it was the international system protecting everyone. But if this system can deliver vaccines and health results, why does it so often fail to create durable economic and institutional change? Michael Brown examines where international development works, where it fails, and why the difference matters.
Localization only matters if it changes who holds power, resources, and the ability to make outside aid unnecessary.
Every development program claims its goal is to leave. None of them do. The Green Revolution helped India move from famine risk to food exporter status and then ended because it succeeded. Much of today's aid system has not followed that logic. This episode argues that the only development model worth funding is one designed to make itself unnecessary by shifting authority, capacity, and long-term control to communities.
Read episode pageSource episodeIs foreign aid charity — or one of the cheapest instruments of power a country has? Dr.
Is foreign aid charity — or one of the cheapest instruments of power a country has?
Dr. Samantha Nutt, physician and founder of War Child, has spent thirty years working in Somalia, Sudan, eastern Congo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Michael Brown has spent fifty on land and natural resource governance in many of the same places. In this conversation they take on the questions the aid debate usually avoids:
— Should NGOs be working themselves out of a job — and why is it still so rarely national staff running them? — Being at the table isn't enough. Why local communities need leverage, and what happens to their voice without it — Is civil society making progress anywhere at war? — The resource curse, and whether the US–China competition over Congo's minerals changes anything for Congolese people — Aid as soft and hard power: something to fight, or something to accept? — Why gutting USAID isn't charity withdrawn — and what it has to do with the next pandemic — Can the current cynicism about foreign aid be overcome — and what's actually in everyone's best interest?
The Unpopular View challenges assumptions and takes positions many in the aid and development world don't like. Host Michael Brown is the author of Redeeming REDD+ and Climate Mitigation in the Land Sector of the Global South.
Dr. Samantha Nutt is the author of Damned Nations: Greed, Guns, Armies, and Aid.
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Read episode pageSource episodeUSAID has been dismantled. The World Bank's own evaluations keep finding what its projects don't achieve.
USAID has been dismantled. The World Bank's own evaluations keep finding what its projects don't achieve. So the question is no longer whether the aid architecture is broken — it's whether anything should replace it.
In the final segment of my three-part conversation with Dr. Emily Brearley — development economist, 25 years at the World Bank and other international institutions, and author of Aid Inferno: How to Reduce Poverty, Combat Global Warming, and Be a Good Person — we each put a blueprint on the table.
We agree on some fundamental issues and disagree on some important details.
Emily's answer is what she calls Solution 42: sharply narrow what institutions like the World Bank attempt. Stick to the sectors they demonstrably do well. Build in transparency and citizen involvement in project selection and evaluation. Fund a small number of high-impact projects chosen by people in recipient countries themselves. It rhymes with Esther Duflo's evidence-first approach.
We also agree that a social contract is a fundamental missing piece — clear goals, trade-offs and obligations that people on the ground can actually hold institutions to that are negotiated. In 40+ years of fieldwork I never saw one written, and neither USAID nor the World Bank has ever framed a project in those terms. Emily agrees that's a major gap.
Where we diverge somewhat is on who does the work. Should nationals do everything, or is there a place for foreigners with unique capacity building contributions to make?
ABOUT THE GUEST Dr. Emily Brearley is a development economist and former World Bank economist with ~25 years across the World Bank and other international institutions, leading programs in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Aid Inferno is a case-study-driven critique built on World Bank evaluation data arguing that development finance rewards spending and institutional survival over outcomes and accountability.
ABOUT THE SHOW The Unpopular View is for the exhausted middle — evidence over outrage, and criticism that doesn't spare either orthodoxy. Hosted by Michael Brown, international development consultant and author of Redeeming REDD (Routledge, 2013) and Climate Mitigation in the Land Sector of the Global South (Routledge, 2026).
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